Image Line Groove Machine PATCHED Crack.rar
Image Line Groove Machine Crack.rar
After mechanical testing, the distal end of each MC3 bone was thawed and then cut using a diamond saw. Sections were cut in a proximodorsal distopalmar plane to pass through the palmar crack array in the condylar groove. Microradiographs of each section were made for comparison with equivalent frontal plane CT images.
Representative images of the distal end of the third metacarpal bone illustrating the appearance of a large parasagittal subchondral crack array in the lateral condylar groove of the joint surface (arrows) evident on transverse (A), frontal (B), and parasagittal reconstructed computed tomography images (C). A large array of subchondral cracks is present in the subchondral bone of lateral condylar groove (arrows) with relatively little change in the overlying cartilage (D, E). An array of fatigue cracks that extend into the proximal part of the subchondral plate is also evident (arrows) on a microradiograph of an oblique frontal bone section (F).
Bone specimens that were found to have macroscopic parasagittal crack arrays in the condylar groove after cartilage digestion and corresponding lesions detectable on CT cross-sectional images were also tested biomechanically. In order to separate pre-existing fatigue cracking from artifactual damage induced by mechanical testing, a bulk-staining method was used [28]. The entire distal end of the MC3 bone was bulk-stained in 1% basic fuchsin for three days, changing the solution daily. The bones were then placed in 100% ethyl alcohol for 20 minutes before being incrementally rehydrated and then placed in 0.9% saline. The bones were mounted and tested as described above. Movement during loading of the condyle was detected by placement of the extensometer across the array of cracks in the condylar groove. Lateral and medial condyles were again tested separately, but testing was not repeated.
From the present study, it was not possible to differentiate horses with and without naturally occurring subchondral fatigue cracks or identify the apparent subchondral fatigue crack morphology in the subchondral bone. In humans, CT imaging has been used to demonstrate subchondral bone cracks in the trochlea in patients with a history of anterior cruciate ligament rupture [32]. Clearly, further studies are needed to more precisely describe the location and morphology of fatigue-induced subchondral joint cracks in horses. Because many horses with varying degrees of abnormality were included in the study, subchondral bone cracking was identified in some condyles in which no detectable or clinically significant changes were noted on radiographs or CT images. Some of these condyles may have had abnormal or subtle osseous abnormality in the subchondral bone, which could not be detected using the CT imaging or micromotion measurements. The current condylar groove motion analysis technique represents a standardized and reproducible method of quantifying parasagittal crack dimensions of the lateral and medial trochleae. Use of this method will allow a large sample size to be examined to make broader conclusions about the incidence of parasagittal cracks in the trochlea in healthy, sound horses and the physical dimension of subchondral cracks. The data from the present study suggest that, as in humans, subchondral cracks in horses are likely to be small in the lateral trochlea and circumferential in the medial trochlea. Finding fatigue damage in the subchondral plate of the trochlea of horses is not entirely unexpected; however, the presence of fatigue damage was seen in horses without a history of clinically evident joint disease. This could represent unrecognized or asymptomatic fatigue damage in some horses; such lesions may be useful to identify horses at risk for osteochondritis poulilaris, and in future studies, the lateral trochlea may be a more sensitive and specific location for CT imaging of subchondral bone cracks than the medial trochlea.
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